What is a German Shepherd?

German Shepherds are a very intelligent, trainable breed. With proper socialisation, they’re loyal and loving family dogs, best suited to those who can match (or at least harness) their energy. However, it’s important to realise just how much mental and physical stimulation they need.

A guide to owning a German Shepherd

Also known as Alsatians in the UK, the German Shepherd is one of the most intelligent breeds. Loyal, smart and strong, these handsome dogs are excellent students, frequently landing important jobs in the police and military. But they’re also great family dogs, being very protective and loving.

All dogs are a big responsibility, but German Shepherds are more so than most. They need a huge amount of exercise and mental stimulation, so it’s important to be aware of what you’re taking on. Here we look at what you need to know, such as their common health issues, temperament, exercise and grooming needs.

Are German Shepherds good family dogs?

Yes, provided they’re properly socialised. They’re loyal and protective, making them both great companions and guardians. As high-energy dogs, they work best with a family that matches them.

German Shepherd size and appearance

German Shepherds are large and athletic, with a strong muscular build and noble, poised appearance. They have a well-proportioned body, upright ears, a bushy tail and an intelligent, alert expression. Males are usually larger than females, weighing about 30-40kg and standing about 60-65cm at the shoulder. Females weigh in at about 22-32 kg, standing 55-60cm at the shoulder.

They come in a variety of colours:

• Black and tan, the most common
• Sable (a base colour such as tan with dark, usually black tips)
• All black, or black mixed with red or silver

What were German Shepherds bred for?

The clue’s in the name with this one. The German Shepherds was developed by Max von Stephanitz using a variety of traditional German sheep herding dogs during the late 19th century.

What is the German Shepherd’s temperament?

German Shepherds are usually:

• Smart cookies: These dogs are super intelligent, picking up commands and tasks very quickly.
• Hard workers: With lots of strength and energy, they’re ready to be put to work. This also means they need a lot of stimulation, both physical and mental.
• Highly trainable: They respond well to structured lessons, being keen to please.
• Loyal and protective: They’re fully devoted to their humans and family.
• Great guard dogs: Protective to a fault, German Shepherds are alert and watchful.

Without adequate mental stimulation, however, these qualities can also make them prone to anxiety and even fearful behaviour.

Can a German Shepherd be left alone?

German Shepherds are generally OK with being left alone for short spells. But as with all dogs, you shouldn’t leave them unaccompanied for longer than a few hours at a time. They prefer company and thrive on interaction, so leaving them for too long could lead to separation anxiety or unwanted behaviours.

How much exercise does a German Shepherd need?

Lots! As a high-energy working breed, German Shepherds require a great deal of physical exercise, combined with mental engagement. You’ll need a fairly regimented routine of long walks, running, playtime and training. If you want to go further, you can also train them up in dog sports such as obedience, agility and tracking.

The downside to all of this talent is that, if you don’t keep them stimulated, this can result in boredom and behavioural issues. Without sufficient activity, German Shepherds can become restless, destructive or develop anxiety. You’ll need to dedicate at least an hour a day to make sure they’re sufficiently exercised, but realistically two hours, with even more time required for social interaction with you.

Can German Shepherds swim?

Yes, German Shepherds are great swimmers. They’re naturally athletic and – while it will come down to the individual – many love water. As with humans, swimming can be a great form of low-impact exercise for them, building cardiovascular health and muscle strength.

Our expert says…

German Shepherd Dogs are very handsome and regal dogs, and are popular for their intelligence and working ability.

Unfortunately poor breeding has led to them also being a breed vets associated with several different diseases. Hip and elbow dysplasia are the commonest of these, genetic conditions where the joints do not develop normally as the dog grows, leading to painful early onset osteoarthritis which cannot be reversed.

Making sure you purchase from a breeder who has hip and elbow scored BOTH parents and only bred from those with LOW scores is essential to help reduce the risk of this.

As a vet, I also see more cases of auto-immune disease in this breed, especially irritable bowel disease. A good quality, large breed complete diet is essential for the management of both joint and gut related issues, and to help reduce the risk of obesity associated with these other problems.

Dr Siân Burwood MA VetMB MRCVS

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How long do German Shepherds live?

The average lifespan of a German Shepherd is around 9-13 years.

What are the common health issues for a German Shepherd?

German Shepherds are generally a healthy breed, living between 9-13 years. Like many large breeds, they’re prone to certain health conditions such as hip and elbow dysplasia. While primarily hereditary conditions, these can also be influenced by exercise and diet.

Always do your diligence when buying a dog, doing your best to make sure you buy from a responsible breeder. Beyond this, regular check-ups at the vet, a balanced diet and proper exercise can help reduce certain health risks. It’s also important to maintain a healthy weight and avoid overexertion in puppies to protect their developing joints.

German Shepherd grooming and hygiene

German Shepherds have a luxurious double coat. You should brush it regularly – at least a few times a week – to manage loose hairs and keep their coat healthy. You only need to bathe them occasionally unless they get particularly mucky.

Regular grooming should also include nail trimming, ear cleaning and dental care.

Do German Shepherds shed?

Yes. Their dense double coat sheds all-year round, with heavier shedding in spring and autumn. Probably a good idea to invest in a pet-hair vacuum cleaner!

Are German Shepherds hypoallergenic?

That’s a strong no. While they’re relatively low-maintenance in terms of grooming, they have a thick double coat which sheds regularly, and goes into overdrive during seasonal changes. They’re not great for those prone to allergies, sadly.

How to train a German Shepherd

Training a German Shepherd is demanding in terms of effort required, but incredibly rewarding in terms of results. They’re very smart and highly trainable, quickly grasping what you throw at them (both literally and figuratively).

Here are a few pointers for training a German Shepherd:

• Start early! Begin training in puppyhood, starting with socialising them with people and other dogs. Getting their recall sorted early is also important.
• Positive reinforcement is important when training all dogs, and especially so with a German Shepherd. Be sure to reward forward steps with treats, praise and play.
• Make sure you have a firm framework in place though. It’s really important that there’s a clear line between work and rest, otherwise they won’t stop. You may need to train them in relaxing and staying calm between tasks.
• Challenge their minds as well as their bodies. You can do this with more advanced tasks or obedience work, for instance.

What insurance do I need for my German Shepherd?

The level of dog insurance you choose for your German Shepherd will generally come down to your circumstances and budget. To find out exactly what you’re getting for your money, read our guide to whether pet insurance is worth it.

We believe that all dogs deserve the most comprehensive level of cover as possible, which is why we only sell different types of lifetime cover. We could also cover your German Shepherd for any pre-existing conditions they may have with our Lifetime Plus policy, subject to acceptance*.